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|death_place=Aumühle, Schleswig-Holstein, West Germany |nationality=German |party=National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) (honorary member, 1944–45)〔"On 30 January 1944, Dönitz received from the Führer, as a decoration, the Golden Party Badge; Dönitz would later assume that he "thereby became an honorary member of the Party." (The Avalon Project at Yale Law School )〕 |spouse=Ingeborg Weber |children=3 |religion=Lutheranism |signature= Dönitz Unterschrift.jpg |allegiance= (1910–18) (1920–33) (1933–45) |nickname=''Der Löwe'' (The Lion) |branch= |serviceyears=1910–18 1920–45 |rank=Großadmiral |commands= (1918) (1918) Torpedo Boats (1920s) (1934–35) ''1st U-boat Flotilla'' (1935–36) Führer der Unterseeboote (1936–39) Befehlshaber der U-Boote (1939–43) Oberkommando der Marine (1943–45) Supreme Commander of the ''Wehrmacht'' (1945) |battles=World War I *Black Sea Campaign *Mediterranean U-boat Campaign World War II *Battle of the Atlantic *Convoy SC 7 *Operation ''Paukenschlag'' |mawards=Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves Iron Cross 1st Class U-boat War Badge with Diamonds }} Karl Dönitz (; 16 September 1891 – 24 December 1980), sometimes spelt Doenitz in English, was a German admiral who played a major role in the Naval history of World War II. He began his career in the Imperial German Navy (''Kaiserliche Marine'') before World War I. In 1918, while he was in command of , the submarine was sunk by British forces and Dönitz was taken prisoner. While in a prisoner of war camp, he formulated what he later called ''Rudeltaktik''〔Dönitz, Karl. ''Memoirs''.〕 ("pack tactic", commonly called "wolfpack"). At the start of World War II, he was the senior submarine officer in the ''Kriegsmarine''. In January 1943, Dönitz achieved the rank of ''Großadmiral'' (Grand Admiral) and replaced Grand Admiral Erich Raeder as Commander-in-Chief of the Navy (''Oberbefehlshaber der Kriegsmarine''). On 30 April 1945, after the death of Adolf Hitler and in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament, Dönitz was named Hitler's successor as ''Staatsoberhaupt'' (Head of State), with the title of ''Reichspräsident'' (President) and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. On 7 May 1945, he ordered ''Generaloberst'' Alfred Jodl to sign the German instruments of surrender in Rheims, France. ''Großadmiral'' Dönitz remained as head of the Flensburg Government, as it became known, until it was dissolved by the Allied powers on 23 May. At the Nuremberg trials, he was convicted of war crimes and sentenced to ten years' imprisonment; after his release, he lived quietly in a village near Hamburg until his death in 1980. ==Early life and career== Dönitz was born in Grünau in Berlin, Germany, to Anna Beyer and Emil Dönitz, an engineer, in 1891. Karl had an older brother, Friedrich. In 1910, Dönitz enlisted in the ''Kaiserliche Marine'' ("Imperial Navy"). He became a ''Seekadett'' (sea-cadet) on 4 April. On 15 April 1911, he became a ''Fähnrich zur See'' (midshipman), the rank given to those who had served for one year as officer's apprentice and had passed their first examination. On 27 September 1913, Dönitz was commissioned as a ''Leutnant zur See'' (acting sub-lieutenant). When World War I began, he served on the light cruiser in the Mediterranean Sea. In August 1914, the ''Breslau'' and the battlecruiser were sold to the Ottoman navy; the ships were renamed the ''Midilli'' and the ''Yavuz Sultan Selim'', respectively. They began operating out of Constantinople (now Istanbul), under Rear Admiral Wilhelm Souchon, engaging Russian forces in the Black Sea.〔Theodor Kraus, Karl Doenitz, Die Kreuzerfahrten der Goeben uns Breslau, Ullstein, Berlin, 1933〕 On 22 March 1916, Dönitz was promoted to ''Oberleutnant zur See''. When the ''Midilli'' put into dock for repairs, he was temporarily assigned as airfield commander at the Dardanelles. From there, he requested a transfer to the submarine forces, which became effective in October 1916. He served as watch officer on , and from February 1918 onward as commander of . On 5 September 1918, he became commander of , operating in the Mediterranean. On 4 October, after suffering technical difficulties, this boat was sunk by British forces and Dönitz was taken prisoner on the island of Malta. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Karl Dönitz」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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